Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a major worldwide health problem. The only TB vaccine currently available is anattenuated strain of mycobacterium bovis termed Bacillus Calmette -Guerin (BCG).The efficacy of BCG remains controversial. Mycobacterium secretory proteins are generally considered important antigens for protection against TB. A major protein component of mycobacterial culture filtrate is Antigen 85 complex which is apromising potential vaccine candidate.Material and Methods: Antigen 85 complex was purified from Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) culture filtrate by sequential chromatography on phenyl Sepharose 4B, DEAE-Sephacel and Superdex G75. Purification was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with a specific monoclonal antibody. The in vitro ability of Ag 85 complex to stimulate cell proliferation was compared with that of Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) and the polyclonal T cell mitogen PHA in a whole blood assay in which the target cells were derived from 25 healthy PPD-positive and 25 healthy PPD-negative subjects.Results: Antigen 85 complex was found to have a molecular weight of 30-32 KDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reacted strongly by immunoblotting with the monoclonal antibody specified against Ag 85. The responses to Ag 85 and PPD were significantly higher in cells of PPD- positive than in cells of PPD-negative donors. Eighty eight percent (22/25) of the PPD- positive cells responded to Ag 85 whereas only 16% (4/25) of the PPD-negative cells responded.Conclusion: The cell proliferation response to Ag 85 complex is significantly different between cells of skin-test positive and skin- test negative subjects and may suggest an immuno-protective role for Ag 85 complex against M. tuberculosis infection.

Background and Objectives: Most of blood donations are uneventful. However, adverse effects occur in a limited number of donors and have a negative impact on blood donor return rate and donor recruitment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence rate of vasovagal reactions and arm injuries during and after blood donation at Yazd Blood Transfusion Centre.Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was performed on 1000 randomly selected blood donors from August 2005 to January 2006 at Yazd Blood Transfusion Centre. Blood donors were examined by physicians for vasovagal reactions during and one hour after blood donation. Donors with arm injuries were interviewed in person after 3 weeks. Data were analyzed statistically using Chi-square, ANOVA, Fischer exact test and T-test.Results: The rate of vasovagal reactions was 2%. There was no severe reaction such as convulsion. The most common arm findings were pain (8.2%), bruise (7%) and hematoma (1.4%). Sensory changes such as numbness and tingling (0.7 %) had the least frequency. All donors with arm injuries recovered fully within a week. Repeat and regular blood donors had fewer vasovagal reactions than first time donors (p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between arm injury and the frequency of blood donation.Conclusions: The incidence of vasovagal reactions in our study was lower than others. It might pertain to correct selection of donors by physicians, the presence of trained, expert personnel for blood collection, and care for donors. 

Introduction: The right use of blood is necessary because of the high cost of correct blood screening, blood grouping, and cross match. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the rate of the reserved and cross matched blood before elective surgeries which were done in Bahman 22nd Hospital. It also aims at evaluating the standard guideline for ordering blood.Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study from 1380 to 1388 that evaluates evaluating 6145 files of the patients hospitalized in 22 Bahman 22nd Hospital for surgery during the years of 1380 to 1388. The elective operations include General surgery, Gynecology, orthopedic, ENT, Urology and Neurosurgery. The number of patients, the number of reserved and cross matched units and the number of transfused units was recorded for each group of patients collected in each groups. Finally, the number of reserved blood units in that period of time and in each group was compared with the standard guideline. Also the number of transfused blood units was evaluated. The ratio of cross matched to transfused blood units lower than 2.5 was considered as standard. And The obtained data were analyzed, using with SPSS.Results: A total of 1557 blood units of blood were reserved for 772 patients.1305 units (66.47%) were cross matched, but just 126 units (8.1%) were transfused. The effective factors in increasing the possibility of transfusion were the ages<20 & >80 years old, Hb £ 12, the type of surgery and the surgeon. Although after the application of the guidelines in1385, there was 64.44% decrease in the rate of cross matching rate due to the decrease in the number of patients who were cross matched, but the average of cross matched units for each patient did not change. The total of C/T index of the hospital decreased from 14.1 to 3.7.Conclusion: The appropriate correct blood reserving can decrease the unnecessary blood reserves, lower the pressure on blood banking centers and prevent blood wastage.

Blood transfusion service is a health service effort that includes planning, mobilizing, and maintaining blood donors, supplying blood, distributing blood, and medical acts of giving blood to patients to cure diseases and restore health. Blood for transfusion is transported to the hospital using a cooler box without any equipment. This condition is very likely to reduce blood quality during the transportation process due to vibration during transportation. Indications of damage can be seen in changes in the color of blood plasma. The type of research used in this study was a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest with the control group. This study was divided into 3 groups: Group 1, initial observation without treatment, and final observation in groups 2 and 3. Inclusion criteria were: The age range of 17 to 25 years old, the minimum body weight of 45 kilograms, the minimum HB of 12.5 gr/dl, systolic blood pressure of 110–160 mmHg and diastolic 70–90 mmHg, not currently taking medication within three days, and women not menstruating, pregnant, or breastfeeding. Examination of hemoglobin and erythrocytes was done using a hematology analyzer and LDH examination using spectrophotometry. The results showed that the number of erythrocytes after treatment (posttest) was different according to the treatment group (p = 0.042). Treatment in the 5 Hz vibration group reduced the lowest erythrocyte levels, namely to 4,220,000 /mm3, compared to the control group and 10 Hz vibration. Hemoglobin levels after treatment (posttest) differed according to the treatment group (p = 0.015); treatment at 10 Hz vibration reduced the lowest hemoglobin level, namely 10.77 g/dL, compared to the control group and the 5 Hz vibration group. LDH levels after treatment (posttest) differed according to the treatment group (p = 0.000).

Mefloquine, as a racemic mixture, is used for the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria. Stereoselective pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic differences has been observed for mefloquine. In this study a modified stereoselective HPLC method is presented for determination of mefloquine (MFQ) enantiomers in whole blood. The assay involved liquid-liquid extraction of MFQ from biological fluids with methyl tert-butyl ether in the presence of sodium hydroxide and derivatization of the residue by (+)-1-(9-fluorenyl) ethyl chloroformate (FLEC) as chiral derivatizing reagent. Separation of the resulting diastereomers was performed on a Novapack C18 reversed-phase cartridge column using acetonitrile, water, glacial acetic acid (730:270:0.7, v/v/v) as the mobile phase with a flow-rate of 1 mL/min. Using 500 ?L of whole blood, the limit of determination was 50 ng/mL with fluorescence detection with excitation at 263 nm and emission at 475 nm for both enantiomers. This method is comparatively simple and practical for the determination of small amounts of mefloquine enantiomers.

Background: The study of rheological properties of blood has special interest; since it is a circulating fluid exposed to shear rates during its life time. This work aims to investigate the influence of whole body gamma irradiation on the rheological properties of rat’s blood. The applied shear rate was from 12 to 375 s-1. Low shear viscosity (up to 100 s-1) depends mainly on the erythrocytes aggregation while the high shear viscosity depends on the erythrocytes deformability.Materials and Methods: Adult male rats were exposed to 1, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 7 and 9 Gy single doses. The consistency index, apparent viscosity, yield stress and aggregation index were increased after exposure to gamma radiation. The dielectric properties of the erythrocytes, in the low frequency range (60 Hz to 40 kHz), were measured in order to investigate the changes in the membrane surface charge. Results: The results obtained indicate that the viscosity, consistency index and yield stress increased after the exposure to the lowest dose taken; 1 Gy, and continued to increase as the exposure dose increased up to dose 7 Gy and then decrease after exposure to 9 Gy. The relative permittivity and relaxation time showed significant decrease after exposure to the lowest dose and continue to decrease as the dose increased. Conclusion: The obtained results can be attributed to the decrease of membrane surface charge after exposure to gamma radiation. The decrease in the membrane surface charge is known to decrease the repulsion between the cells and increase blood viscosity.

Introduction. The study of gross anatomy has always been confronted with limitations including deterioration, bad odor of cadaver and fixative solutions. one of the modern preservation techniques is plastination. In this project a whole body was made by plastination technique.Methods. This study was carried out on a fresh human body after fixation of the cadaver. It was dissected carefully after 6 months. It was then dehydrated and defated in cold acetone (-25˚6) for 2 weeks and warm (35-40˚c) acetone for 4 weeks. finally it was impregnated by polymer under pressure of vaccum. Results. The plastinated specimens found to be immune from infection, deterioration and flexible without bad odor and showing natural color.Discussion. Plastination is a modern techinque that has many advantages to formaldehyde fixation especially for our country with limited source of body donation. Plastinated specimens can be unique material for teaching and can play a key role in solving our problem of cadaver shortage.